Causes of the War of Jenkins Ear

Causes of the War of Jenkins' Ear Background: As part of the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, Britain received a thirty-year trade agreement (an asiento) from Spain which permitted British merchants to trade up to 500 tons of goods per year in the Spanish colonies as well as sell an unlimited number of slaves. This asiento also provided inroads in Spanish America for British smugglers. Though the asiento was in effect, its operation was often hindered by military conflicts between the two nations which occurred in 1718-1720, 1726, and 1727-1729. In the wake of the Anglo-Spanish War (1727-1729), Britain granted Spain the right to stop British ships to ensure that the terms of the agreement were being respected. This right was included in the Treaty of Seville which ended the conflict. Believing that the British were taking advantage of the agreement and smuggling, Spanish authorities began boarding and seizing British ships, as well as holding and torturing their crews. This led to an increase in tensions and an up swell of anti-Spanish sentiment in Britain. Though issues were mitigated somewhat in the mid-1730s when British First Minister Sir Robert Walpole supported the Spanish position during the War of the Polish Succession, they continued to exist as the root causes had not been addressed. Though wishing to avoid war, Walpole was pressured into sending additional troops to the West Indies and dispatching Vice Admiral Nicholas Haddock to Gibraltar with a fleet. In return, King Philip V suspended the asiento and confiscated British ships in Spanish ports. Wishing to avoid a military conflict, both sides met at Pardo to seek a diplomatic resolution as Spain lacked the military resources to defend its colonies while Britain did not wish interfere with profits from the slave trade. The resulting Convention of Pardo, which was signed in early 1739, called for Britain to receive  Ã‚ £95,000 in compensation for damages to its shipping while paying  Ã‚ £68,000 in back revenue to Spain from the asiento. Additionally, Spain agree to territorial limits in regard to searching British merchant vessels. When the terms of the convention were released, they proved unpopular in Britain and the public clamored for war. By October, both sides had repeatedly violated the conventions terms. Though reluctant, Walpole officially declared war on October 23, 1739. The term War of Jenkins Ear derives from Captain Robert Jenkins who had his ear cut off by the Spanish Coast Guard in 1731. Asked to appear in Parliament to recount his tale, he reputedly displ ayed his ear during his testimony. Porto Bello In one of the first actions of the war, Vice Admiral Edward Vernon descended on Porto Bello, Panama with six ships of the line. Attacking the poorly defended Spanish town, he quickly captured it and remained there for three weeks. While there, Vernons men destroyed the citys fortifications, warehouses, and port facilities. The victory led to the naming of Portobello Road in London and public debut of the song Rule, Britannia! With the beginning of 1740, both sides anticipated that France would enter the war on the side of Spain. This led to invasion scares in Britain and resulted in the bulk of their military and naval strength being retained in Europe. Florida Overseas, Governor James Oglethorpe of Georgia mounted an expedition into Spanish Florida with the goal of capturing St. Augustine. Marching south with around 3,000 men, he arrived in June and commenced constructing batteries on  Anastasia Island. On June 24, Oglethorpe began a bombardment of the city while ships from the Royal Navy blockaded the port. In the source of the siege, British forces suffered a defeat at Fort Mose. Their situation worsened when the Spanish were able to penetrate the naval blockade to reinforce and resupply St. Augustines garrison. This action forced Oglethorpe to abandon the siege and withdraw back to Georgia. Ansons Cruise Though the Royal Navy was focusing on home defense, a squadron was formed in late 1740, under Commodore George Anson to raid Spanish possessions in the Pacific. Departing on September 18, 1740, Ansons squadron encountered severe weather and was plagued by disease. Reduced to his flagship, HMS Centurion (60 guns), Anson reached Macau where he was able to refit and rest his crew. Cruising off the Philippines, he encountered the treasure galleon Nuestra Seà ±ora de Covadonga on June 20, 1743. Overhauling the Spanish vessel, Centurion captured it after a brief fight. Completing a circumnavigation of the globe, Anson returned home a hero. Cartagena Encouraged by Vernons success against Porto Bello in 1739, efforts were made in 1741 to mount a larger expedition in Caribbean. Assembling a force of over 180 ships and 30,000 men, Vernon planed to attack Cartagena. Arriving in early March 1741, Vernons efforts to take the city were plagued by a lack of supplies, personal rivalries, and rampaging disease. Endeavoring to defeat the Spanish, Vernon was forced to withdraw after sixty-seven days which saw around a third of his force lost to enemy fire and disease. News of the defeat ultimately led to Walpole leaving office and being replaced by Lord Wilmington. More interested in pursuing campaigns in the Mediterranean, Wilmington began to wind down operations in the Americas. Repulsed at Cartagena, Vernon attempted to take Santiago de Cuba and landed his ground forces at Guantnamo Bay. Advancing against their objective, the British were soon bogged down by disease and fatigue. Though the British attempted to continue the invasion, they were forced to abandon the operation when they met heavier than anticipated opposition. In the Mediterranean, Vice Admiral Haddock worked to blockade the Spanish coast and though he took several valuable prizes, was unable to bring the Spanish fleet to action. British pride at sea was also marred by the damage inflicted by Spanish privateers which attacked unescorted merchantmen around the Atlantic. Georgia In Georgia, Oglethorpe remained in command of the colonys military forces despite his earlier failure at St. Augustine. In the summer of 1742, Governor Manuel de Montiano of Florida advanced north and landed on St. Simons Island. Moving to meet this threat, Oglethorpes forces won the Battles of Bloody Marsh and Gully Hole Creek which compelled Montiano to retreat back to Florida. Absorption into the War of the Austrian Succession While Britain and Spain were engaged in the War of Jenkins Ear, the War of the Austrian Succession had broken out in Europe. Soon drawn into the larger conflict, the war between Britain and Spain was subsumed by mid-1742. While the bulk of the fighting occurred in Europe, the French fortress at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia was captured by New England colonists in 1745. The War of the Austrian Succession came to an end in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. While the settlement dealt with the issues of the wider conflict, it did little to specifically address the causes of the 1739 war. Meeting two years later, the British and Spanish concluded the Treaty of Madrid. In this document, Spain bought back the asiento for  £100,000 while agreeing to allow Britain to trade freely in its colonies. Selected Sources Global Security: War of Jenkins EarHistory of War: War of Jenkins EarNew Georgia Encyclopedia: War of Jenkins Ear

Finance- Global Stock Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance- Global Stock Markets - Essay Example The Dow Jones low point was USD10,608 and its high point was USD 11,439 a fluctuation of only USD 831, or slightly less than 1%. The change from the first point (September 20) to the last date charted (November 22) was even lower. The Israeli stock exchange rose from USD 34,361 to USD 35, 348, an increase of USD 987. At the same time the Dow Jones rose from USD 10,608 to USD 11,083.75, an increase of only USD 475.75. This means that if an individual had invested USD 100,000 across the board in each stock exchange at the end of the period their Israeli investment would be worth USD 104,597.90 while their Dow Jones investment would have increased to USD 104, 484.80. Over a period of less than three months this is not an inconsiderable profit, particularly if it were to be increased by a factor of five to make it roughly equivalent to one year (as opposed to ten weeks). On the other hand, it demonstrates a remarkable disconnect between the markets and current events. This was no ordinary period in either the United States or Israel yet, viewed over two months, the stock exchanges slowly, but reasonably steadily, increased in value. In the United States a mid-term election campaign was waged, that included cataclysmic predictions of a Democrat debacle and featured the wild card of the tea partiers. In fact the Dow Jones increased steadily from September until the election: The campaign uncertainty and predictions of disaster for the Presidents party had no negative impact on the stock market. On October 28, 2010, only days before the election New York Times columnist Paul Krugman wrote, â€Å"future historians will probably look back at the 2010 election as a catastrophe for America, one that condemned the nation to years of political chaos and economic weakness.† His piece concluded with this warning: â€Å"So if the elections go as expected next week, here’s my advice: Be

The road to acting in films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The road to acting in films - Essay Example Now of course there are some actors who don’t have to take that long road due to family connections already in the industry. There are many roads to take in acting which one an individual chooses determines the outcome. Approaching the long road ahead in acting it’s always good to surround oneself with like-minded individuals. If no-one in the arena of life fits that role then look elsewhere in the form of success stories from other aspiring actors who became successful. The case may not necessarily be an aspiring actor but someone who set goals for their life and accomplished them. Here’s some advice on accomplishing goals from a successful entrepreneur, Lately I’ve noticed quite a disconnect in the goals people have for themselves and the plans they have for achieving those goals. Having goals is an important step towards living intentionally, but it’s only one step. There are many other things you’ll need to do to achieve those goals. Iâ⠂¬â„¢m afraid that some people are under the impression that setting goals is the most important step in achieving goals. As if after setting goals, the rest of the details will â€Å"work themselves out.† That just isn’t true. Setting goals is really only a small step towards achieving your goals. In between the two will be a long road and lots of hard work. (Barr) Preparing oneself for a career in acting takes a stance of no matter what, success is the only option. The assurance of that option is how an individual positions him/herself and with whom. Sometimes individuals may receive roles and foolishly accept a role that is a â€Å"bad look†. The â€Å"bad look† role now has branded them to the world of producers, directors, agents and fellow actors. In the â€Å"bad look† case an actor who had been given an opportunity choose the wrong role and now must work even harder to prove or to remove the â€Å"bad look†. There are so many loophol es to correct etiquette in the world of acting. All of which include decisions on managers, agents, scripts, and relating to the public. An aspiring actor should not just see a dream and follow it but should evaluate what it takes to get there and prepare. The aspiring actor must know and understand the road is long and hard and the competition is like a sea of swimming sharks. Preparation for the bad and the good is necessary in the road to acting in films. Preparation is important. There are steps an individual must take to ensure a right road to a career in acting. Taking all the steps doesn’t mean it will happen overnight. The important point here is taking the right steps to be on the right road. Preparation is not overnight either. Preparation takes time and research. The first thing an individual should do is position themselves in the film community. Hollywood is not the only place actors’ act. Most cities have their own film community. If not then find out whe re the nearest city is that does have a film community and drive out there. Get involved see what’s going on. Socialize with other aspiring actors, make-up artists, aspiring film directors, producers, etc. Start where you are first and then branch out. Some individuals make the choice to start out in LA. Starting out at the top just like at the bottom takes just as much hard work and sacrifice. Location doesn’t make the road easy; it’s the sacrifice, motivation and hard work that make the road accessible. Acting classes are excellent ways of walking down that road to

Consumer Markets Across Industries

Consumer Markets Across Industries Sudane Atkinson AC 1.3 Evaluate the relevance of consumer markets in the industry Consumer markets is defined by businessdictionary.com (2016) as Markets dominated by products and services designed for the general consumer, Consumer markets are typically split into four primary categories: consumer products, food and beverage products, retail products, and transportation products. With that said the relevance of consumer markets in the hospitality industry will be identified and evaluated, this include long-term relationships, value and satisfaction, consumer orientation, and value chain then a conclusion will be drawn about the significance of consumer markets in the hospitality industry. Listed below are the research findings on relevance of consumer markets in the hospitality industry: Long-term relationship create strong, even emotional, customer connections to a brand that can lead to ongoing business (SearchCRM, 2016) Value and satisfaction- this create customer rather than just consumer because giving value for money and exceeding expectation is what customer look for. Consumer orientation is a key to achieve business goals. A firm can achieve marketing goals by concentrating on customer satisfaction through staff (cross, 2016) Value chain is to deliver maximum value for the least possible total cost and create a competitive advantage (Investopedia.com,2016) Decision making is very important as it depends on the type of investment and what the customer wants. (Bhasin, 2016) Customer culture it is said by LaPlante (2016) that you are likely to be influenced by advertising that appeal to your particular culture Consumer market is very important in the hospitality industry as it is the structure that allows us to make purchases of goods and services. In consumer market decisions are based upon how involved the customers are (Bhasin, 2016). There are three decision making process extensive, limited and routine decision making process. Extensive decision making process is used when the product is a very high involvement product, possible a high investment product as well example buying a house. Limited decision making process is used when limited decision is needed because you have some experience with the product .example buying a radio or a television and last the routine decision making a day to day life decision but in this case the customer isÂÂ   unlikely to switch to different brands because he wants to invest minimum time in routine decision making(Bhasin,2016).The decision process may vary from time to time ,this also depend of the type of customer and the investment made. Long-t erm relationship create strong, even emotional, customer connections to a brand that can lead to ongoing business (SearchCRM, 2016), instead of focusing on one time sale, marketer focusing on getting loyal customers. In order to achieve a long-term relationship, the customer value and satisfaction much be met, but not only met but exceeded, exceeding customer value and satisfaction also helps to save money because is cheaper to retain customer than getting new ones (Beard, 2016).This brings us to the value chain which increases profits by creating value at each of the five product touch points so the value exceeds the cost associated with the product states (Investopedia.com,2016) .The culture of the customers is important to the consumer market as customer are likely to purchase a product with some or same cultural similarity as the targeted customer according to (LaPlante ,2016). The importance of customer orientation is that it focuses on the customer core needs and wants ,by exc eeding the expectations and retaining customers through the staff. Conclusion In conclusion, customer markets are vital to the hospitality as it helps to make the industry strive with the impeccable strategies that it holds and we practice. all the above contributes to profits and gaining loyal customers with the relationship strategies that we practice turning regular consumers into loyal customer, decision making is vital as well as it put into perspective what the customer wants and how to build on getting exactly that. Customer value and satisfaction is also important as it this is what the customer yarn for in a product value for money and satisfaction, giving them this will surly end positively. When marketing, we must keep inconsideration that there I a diversity of people with different culture so or marketing strategy must appeal to the culture of the target market. Customer orientation aid in developing a quality product appreciate by consumers businessdictionary.com (2016) stated. All the about consumer markets are all important in their own way to help promote and market the product with the customer satisfaction in the midst of consideration.

The Role of The Front Office

A security program is most effective when all employees participate in the hotel s security efforts. Front office staff play a paticularly important role. Front desk agent, door attendants, bellpersons, and parking attendantshave the oppurtunity to observe all persons entering or departing the premises. Suspicious activities or circumstances involving a guest or visitor should be reported to the hotel s security department or a designated staff member. Several procedures front desk agents should use to protect guests and property have already been mentioned. For example, front desk agents should never give keys, room numbers, messages, or mail to anyone requesting them without first requiring appropriate identification. Similiarly, the front desk agent should not announce an arriving guest s room number. Guest s may be further proteceted if the front office prohibits staff members frrom providing guest information to callers or visitors. Generally, front desk agent should not mention guest room numbers. People calling guest s at the hotel should be directly connected to the appropriate guestroom without being informed of the room number. Conversely, someone asking for a specific room number over the telephone should never be connected until the caller identifies whom he or she is calling and the hotel employee verifies the identity of the person in the room requested. A person inquiring at the front desk about a guest may be asked to use the house phones so that they connect only to the hotel operator. The caller can then be properly screened to provideadditional security. Front office staff may also inform guest s of personal precautions they may take. For example, front desk agents may suggest that guests hide and secure any valuables left in their cars. Bellpersons accompanying the guest to a room generally provide instructions on the operation of in-room equipment. The bellpersons may also review any decals or notices in the room relating to guest security. This should always include emergency evacuation paths and procedures. The front office may provide the guests with flyers containing safety tips, such as the example shown in exhibit 6. 5.

Literary Essay The Danger Of A Single Story - 1091 Words

Throughout a persons life they are bound to do one of the following; be apart of a single story, struggle with their identity or stereotype someone or something. Literature reflects this experience people have with their identity. The single story is something that affects everyone, consistently and can be seen throughout literature; everything and everyone has a single story. In The Danger of a Single Story, Adichie talks about its impact; this is also explored in Supamans lyrics, and Hope Against Hope by Sherman Alexie. In Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies TedTalk she discusses the impact of the single story. Adichie talks about a single story and says how it can make someone think something that is not true. She talks about an†¦show more content†¦If people went off of what they only knew and not of what they could learn and or see the world would be very different. People like to think they know everything that goes on in the world but they sometimes dont. Throughout her Ted Talk Adichie lists many dangers of a single story, There are so many to where sometimes people dont know it could be a danger of a single story. Throughout Supaman’s lyrics you can see some single story signs about living on a reservation. Supaman raps to tell the story about the Rez and what it’s like to be living on it. He tells the story that people would never see. Supamam raps â€Å"Why the suicide rates the rez so high? Why? I tell you the truth, but you see only lies.† (Supaman why). Supaman is talking about how people in that dont live in the Rez dont understand the struggle. The first thing many people think about when they hear about a Indian reservation is people that believe in crazy things, but thats not always what happened in/on reservations. On most reservations its just like how we live, a big community. They make food, go to school, and have chores. Supaman has written many raps about living on a reservation, this is another one. 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Claudius is a Machiavellian Leader - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 817 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Niccolo Machiavelli Essay Did you like this example? Machiavelli explicitly expresses methods of how to be an efficient ruler throughout The Prince. According to Machiavelli, a ruler must do what is necessary in order to maintain power and prevent being overthrown. The most notable characteristics of a Machiavellian leader include avoiding flatterers, to be feared rather than loved, choice of secretaries, keeping people faithful, and how to rule after power is obtained by wickedness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Claudius is a Machiavellian Leader" essay for you Create order He focuses on ways power is gained and how one may maintain authority as a king. A king should be merciful and effective with the use of his power. Machiavelli conveys many instances where his techniques of maintaining control have succeeded. In Hamlet, Shakespeare created a character who closely follows the principles of an effective ruler. Claudius is a great ruler who reflects the qualities of a Machiavellian leader. While there are many methods to maintaining power as a king, it is essential to avoid flatterers. Machiavelli states in his chapter How Flatterers Should be Avoided, that Princes should be wise with whom they take guidance from in order to keep control of the kingdom. A king must be clever with his use of flattery to prevent deception and defeat. If the king is not careful, a wicked flatters ways may prove destructive to the king, But, like the owner of a foul disease/ To keep it from divulging, let it feed/ Even on the pith of life. Where is he gone? (4.2.22-24). Claudius avoids flatterers by flattering others himself. He uses other people to get what he desires while also keeping them truthful with him. Claudius uses Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to get information on the cause of Hamlets unusual behavior. In Act two, King Claudius states to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Welcome, dear Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Moreover that we much did long to see you, (2.1-3). Furthermore, Clau dius uses Laertes to get rid of Hamlet, whom is the ultimate threat, You have been talked of since your travel much/ And that in Hamlets hearing, for a quality/ Wherein they say you shine (4.7.81-83). Flattery is one of the various characteristics of an effective Machiavellian leader. Machiavelli states that a prince should rule with mercy and cruelty, as it is better to be feared than loved. However, it is crucial to avoid becoming too cruel or merciful, as it may cause disorder within the kingdom, The other motive/ Why to a public account I might not go/ Is the great love the general gender bear him (4.7.18-20). Claudius is merciful and cruel when it is deemed necessary. For example, Claudius did not have Hamlet killed right away. Claudius did not kill him because Hamlet is his wifes son and the people of the kingdom love Hamlet, The Queen his mother/ Lives almost by his looks, and for myself/ (My virtue or my plague, be it either which), /She is so conjunctive to my life and soul/ That, I could not by her (4.7.13-16). Claudius inflicts cruelty when necessary, while also avoiding hatred. Claudius is wise in his decisions of punishment, Yet must not we put the strong law on him. Hes loved of the distracted multitude/ Who like not in their judgment, but their eyes (4.3.3-5). Claudius was not necessarily a harsh ruler. However, when there was a need to inflict cruelty, he always planned to do so in the quickest way. In plotting to kill Hamlet, Claudius planned his death to appear as an accident, Under the which he shall not choose but fall;/ And for his death no death no wind of blame shall breathe/ Even his mother shall uncharge the practice/ And call it an accident (4.7. 73-76). Claudius was sneaky and efficient with the use of his power. His plan to make Hamlets death appear as an accident, shows the use of necessary cruelty and mercy. It is important for a ruler to keep people faithful. Although there are many ways a prince may keep his people loyal, deception is essential in keeping people devoted to the throne. Loyalty from his people is not ensured if they are not kept truthful. A king must appear to be merciful, honest, and trustworthy to maintain power over his kingdom. A great deceiver gains the loyalty of people, My lord, I will be ruled/ The rather if you could devise it so/ That I might be the organ (4.7.77-79). Throughout Hamlet, Claudius deceives many people. Claudius deceives everyone by lying about the cause of King Hamlets death, The harlots cheek beautied with plastring art/ Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it/ Than is my deed to my most painted word. O heavy burden! (3.1.59-62). Claudius lies to protect himself and to ensure that he will keep the crown. Additionally, Claudius lies to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern about why Hamlet must die, Our sovereign process, which imports at full/ By let ters congruing to that effect/ The present death of Hamlet (4.4.72-74).